Archive for the ‘Economics’ Category

Inflation

Saturday, July 18th, 2009

One of the important economic indicators to monitor as an investor is inflation.  The following post will examine what exactly inflation is, what are the historical trends and where you can find data on inflation.

What is Inflation?

Inflation is defined as the general rise in prices in an economy over time. When prices rise each dollar purchases fewer goods and services leading to a loss of purchasing power and a decrease in the real value of money.

The most common measure of inflation is the inflation rate which in Canada is measured as the change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over time.

What is the Consumer Price Index?

The Consumer Price Index is a measure of a basket of goods and services that a typical Canadian household purchases. The basket of goods and services is held constant and the market prices of those goods are services are measured at different periods of time to determine the general level of prices. The Bank of Canada publishes a Total CPI index and a Core CPI index. The difference between the two is that the Core CPI excludes eight of the most volatile components (fruit, vegetables, gasoline, fuel oil, natural gas, mortgage interest, inter-city transportation and tobacco products).

The graph below displays the historical level of the Total CPI over the period of January 1995 to June 2009.

CPI_Indexes

How is the inflation rate calculated?

The inflation rate is calculated as the percentage change in Consumer Price Index at two different periods of time. Most often the two periods of time are year over year (For Example June 2008 to June 2009). The Bank of Canada publishes two different inflation rates referred to as Total Inflation and Core Inflation. The difference between the two being that Core Inflation is calculated using the Core CPI.

The graph below illustrates the Total Inflation Rate and the Core Inflation Rate for the period of January 1995 to June 2009.

Inflation_Rate

Inflation Rate Historical Stats

I often find myself using inflation as an input in my financial models as a discount rate to calculate inflation adjusted present values. The statistics below will give you a ballpark number for historical inflation rate averages if you are curious as to what they are.

Average Inflation Rate: 2.02%

Average Core Inflation Rate: 1.82%

Standard Deviation of the Inflation Rate: 0.84%

Standard Deviation of the Core Inflation Rate: 0.44%

Consumer Price Index and Inflation Data

Bank of Canada CPI and Inflation Data

Statistics Canada CPI and Inflation Data

The US Debt Problem.. How Big Is It?

Tuesday, July 7th, 2009

One of the investment newsletters that I regularly read from an investment manager is Eric Sprott’s “Markets At A Glance” which he publishes monthly at Sprott.com. His latest newsletter for June titled “The Solution… Is The Problem”  talks to the specific issue of US Government debt and the future implications for investors given the amount of money that the US Federal Reserve is printing in order to finance this debt.

In 2009 the US Government must sell $2.0 trillion in new debt in order to finance an expected budget deficit of $1.85 trillion and $196 billion for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The large budget deficit is due to all the money dished out this year in the form of bailouts (GM, Chrysler, AIG etc..) and economic stimulus aimed at breathing some life into economy.  To put these numbers in perspective the  2008 US budget deficit was $455 million which is by no means small in itself.

So what does this all mean? It means that the US Government will have to find buyers for 3x the amount of debt that was issued last year. This is all fine as long as there are enough investors out there willing to buy all this US debt.

US_Debt_Holders

In the newsletter Sprott analyzes each class of investor who could potentially be a buyer of this $2.0 trillion in new US debt and comes to the following conclusion.

Given the current state of the economy, it seems frighteningly apparent that a threefold increase in debt purchases by the account holders listed above is a mathematical impossibility. There is simply not enough money in the present economy to support a tripling bond issue in the normal course of business.

So if there are no buyers out there with any capacity to absorb all this US debt what will happen? The US Federal Reserve will step in to support the US debt market as the lender of last resort. How will the US Federal Reserve fund the purchase of all this new debt? You have probably already guessed it, by printing new money.

The Federal Reserve’s ‘solution’ to the debt problem is the problem. It has resulted in the Federal Reserve doubling the monetary base of the United States over the span of a mere nine months. Rather than stimulate the real economy, the QE program has instead resulted in increasing weakness in the international market for US bonds.

The future solvency of the United States as a nation state is currently in jeopardy. It is in far deeper trouble than the mainstream press cares to admit. There are simply not enough new buyers of debt on this planet to support the spending programs of the United States government – and it appears that current holders of debt are beginning to sell. Because it is impossible to balance the budget from outside sources
of capital, the only source of funds left for the US, in all reality, is continued money printing.

The Federal Reserve’s policy of Quantitative Easing is failing. The US budget is ludicrous, spending is out of control, spending promises are out of control, the world knows it – and we know it. For all the pundits who see the economy improving over the next year, we invite you to explain to us how this debt crisis will resolve itself without significant turmoil.

Implications For Investors

  • Potential long term devaluation of the USD
  • Threat of increased inflation in the future is high due to rapid expansion of the monetary supply
  • Will a loss of confidence in the United States bring the recent rally to a grinding halt and send us back to test the March 2009 lows of the TSX Composite?

US Housing Price Trends – Case-Schiller Housing Price Index

Friday, July 3rd, 2009

Today I was looking into the state of US housing prices to determine if the market has hit a likely bottom or if we can expect to see further declines. I was also curious to see if the US housing data could provide me with any insights into where Canadian housing prices are likely to end up if they follow US trends. Now I realize that Canadian mortgage lending practices are much stricter then our neighbours to the south and we will not likely experience the same magnitude of housing price declines, but it is interesting to look at the general trends and duration of the decline in prices.

In my opinion the future of the US financial markets will be heavily influenced by the trends in the US housing market. After all it is the US housing market that  first initiated this dilemma that we find ourselves in today.  If US housing prices have stabalized from their free fall over the last 2 years then it is good support for hopes of an economic recovery in the next year or two. The networth of many Americans is tied up in thier homes so if housing prices are continuing to decline then it will cause a continual decline in personal consumption which is a core component to a healthy economy. If people aren’t willing to spend then corporations post lower earnings which leads more job losses, higher unemployment and further a reduction in personal spending.  A viscious cycle.

The best US housing price data that I have come across is the  Case-Schiller Housing Price Index by Standards and Poor. The index publishes national average US housing prices on a quaterly basis dating back to 1987. This length of back data is ideal for analyzing the long term trends of US housing prices.


case-schiller-housing-price

As you can see from the graph above US housing prices peaked in 2006 at 190 where they had increased 90% from Q1 2000 when the index was 100. Since mid 2006 US housing prices have been on a sharp decline and are currently down 32% from the peak at the Q1 2009 index level of 129. From Q4 2008 to Q1 2009 US housing prices have decreased 7.5% which signals that prices have not finished declining.

case-schiller-housing2

The second graph illustrates the year over year percentage (%) decrease in the housing price index. From this graph it is evident that the % year over year decrease is increasing which doesn’t give much hope for prices stabalizing any time soon. Given this investors should be cautious about their expectations for a continued rally in the stock market and a quick return to economic growth.

What are your thoughts?

Canadian Jobs Number – May 2009

Friday, June 5th, 2009

Statistics Canada released the Canadian employment number this morning and it is not looking good. For the month of May we lost 42,000 jobs in Canada which pushes our employment rate up 0.4% month over month to 8.4%. This the highest level of unemployment that Canada has seen in 11 years.

This is in comparison to April where the economy unexpectedly created 35,000 jobs. The April job figures were a nice surprise and gave me hope for a recovery perhaps in Q3/Q4 of this year, but after seeing the May job numbers it looks like the April increase in employment was just a blip.

As you can see from the graph below employment peaked around October of last year. Since then the Canadian economy has shed around 363,000 jobs.

employment

unemployment_rate